Predicts post-concussion syndrome risk after mild TBI using fluid biomarkers. Enter values within 24–72h of injury where available. Based on a systematic review of 24 studies, n = 6,427.
Clinical context
Axonal markers — highest PCS predictive value
SNTF
DAI surrogate — cognitive/motor PCS · AUC 0.87
NfL
White matter degeneration · AUC 0.82–0.89
BDNF
Recovery capacity · OR 4.0 if low
Inflammatory markers — affective and somatic PCS
CCL2/MCP-1
Somatic symptoms, fogginess
IL-2
Early symptom severity · p=0.001
IL-6
Systemic inflammation · p<0.001
FGF21
BBB integrity — low = worse PCS · r=−0.48
IL-10
Depression/PTSS at 6 months · p=0.004
hs-CRP
Psychological PCS component · OR 2.72
Acute triage only — limited PCS predictive value
GFAP
CT triage (AUC 0.85) — weak PCS predictor (AUC 0.54)
S100B
CT triage (NPV 94%) — no PCS value (AUC 0.50)
UCH-L1
Neuronal injury — limited PCS value (AUC 0.55)